ELA.2.C.3.1

Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization, and spelling appropriate to grade level.

Clarifications

Clarification 1: Skills to be mastered at this grade level are as follows:
  • Form plurals -y to -ies.
  • Use apostrophes to form contractions.
  • Appropriately use pronouns.
  • Use commas in a series.
  • Use plural possessives.
  • Use interjections. 
Skills to be implemented but not yet mastered are as follows:
  • Conjugate regular and irregular verb tenses.
  • Form and use regular and frequently occurring irregular plural nouns.
  • Form and use the past tense of frequently occurring irregular verbs.
  • Maintain consistent verb tense across paragraphs.
  • Form and use irregular plural nouns.
  • Form and use the progressive and perfect verb tenses.
  • Use simple modifiers.
  • Use prepositions and prepositional phrases.
  • Form and use compound sentences.
  • Use quotation marks with dialogue and direct quotations.
  • Use commas to indicate direct address.
  • Use subject-verb agreement with intervening clauses and phrases.
  • Produce complete sentences, recognizing and correcting inappropriate fragments and run-ons. 
Clarification 2: See Convention Progression by Grade Level for more information.
General Information
Subject Area: English Language Arts (B.E.S.T.)
Grade: 2
Strand: Communication
Date Adopted or Revised: 08/20
Status: State Board Approved

Related Courses

This benchmark is part of these courses.
5010030: Functional Basic Skills in Communications-Elementary (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2022, 2022 and beyond (current))
5010043: Language Arts - Grade Two (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2021, 2021 and beyond (current))
7710013: Access Language Arts - Grade 2 (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2018, 2018 - 2022, 2022 and beyond (current))
5010102: Introduction to Debate Grade 2 (Specifically in versions: 2020 - 2022, 2022 and beyond (current))
5010013: English for Speakers of Other Languages Grade 2 (Specifically in versions: 2021 and beyond (current))

Related Access Points

Alternate version of this benchmark for students with significant cognitive disabilities.
ELA.2.C.3.AP.1: Follow the rules of standard English grammar, punctuation, capitalization and spelling.
  • Use possessives and plural possessives.
  • Use subject-verb agreement in simple sentences. 
  • Appropriately use pronouns. 
  • Use commas in a series. 

Related Resources

Vetted resources educators can use to teach the concepts and skills in this benchmark.

Lesson Plans

A Friend of the Everglades: Part 3:

In this lesson, students will use the information from lesson 1 and their research from lesson 2 to continue to illustrate a book about Marjory Stoneman Douglas and the Everglades for children ages 5-6.

Type: Lesson Plan

What Is a Government? Lesson #3 Rules and Laws:

This is lesson 3 of a 6-lesson unit plan based on What Is a Government? By Baron Bedesky. After reading pages 4 – 7, students will use the text information to help distinguish between rules and laws. The lesson will begin with an introduction to rules, such as board game rules, and then students will distinguish between rules and laws using a Venn diagram. Students will then write a journal entry that answers the question, “Why do we need laws?” 

This unit will support students as they explain why people form governments, the role of laws in government, the impact of government on daily life, and the ways the government protects the rights and liberty of American citizens. Students will engage in a read aloud of the text, What is Government, spread out over several lessons, emphasizing text features, vocabulary, central idea, and author’s purpose. In addition, the teacher will facilitate research, student presentations, expository writing, artwork, computer science, and identifying Florida symbols to help students solidify their interpretation as to why people form governments.

Type: Lesson Plan

Patriotic Holidays Part 2:

Students will write an expository text describing the importance of a patriotic holiday. In this lesson, students will work with peers to provide feedback on their writing.

 

Type: Lesson Plan

Patriotic Holidays, Part 3:

Students will create a final expository writing piece describing the history and importance of a patriotic holiday. In this lesson, students will publish their writing piece using word processing software for printing and binding as part of a classroom text.

 

Type: Lesson Plan

Charlotte’s Web: Point of View:

In this lesson, students will work with their teacher and their classmates to read chapter one from the book, Charlotte's Web by E.B. White. Students will be asked to take a close look at characters' actions and motivations. As a summative assessment, students will identify and agree with a specific character's point of view, supporting their opinions with text-based evidence.

Type: Lesson Plan

The Great Kapok Tree: A Study of Theme:

During these lessons, students will read The Great Kapok Tree: A Tale of the Amazon Rain Forest by Lynne Cherry. They will learn about the importance of trees by learning new vocabulary, analyzing characters, and finding the theme of the story.

Type: Lesson Plan

Do You Have An Opinion?:

Using the books Animals Should Definitely Not Wear Clothing by Judi Barrett and A Pig Parade Is A Terrible Idea by Michael Ian Black, students will have an opportunity to practice writing opinion paragraphs.

Type: Lesson Plan

Opinion Writing for an Author Study:

In this lesson, students will listen to the stories Franklin in the Dark and Franklin Wants a Pet. Students will analyze story elements and story structure, which will assist them in writing an opinion piece about their favorite Franklin story.

Type: Lesson Plan

Opinion Writing Using Sarah, Plain and Tall:

Students will learn about opinion writing using a classic text, Sarah, Plain and Tall. Students will differentiate between fact and opinion and use a graphic organizer to plan an opinion piece about a favorite character. They will also use an editing checklist to peer review their written pieces before writing a final draft to share with the class.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Close Look at A Chair for My Mother by Vera B. Williams:

A Chair for My Mother by Vera B. Williams is a delightful story of a family who faces the hardships of life together. The focus of these reading lessons is to identify story structure and discuss how the characters responded to challenges. After students complete several learning centers about the book, they will retell the story through writing using grade-appropriate conventions.

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Home is Where the Heart Is: Researching Habitats:

In this lesson, students will learn about different types of habitats as they gather information based on research questions. Students will summarize the information from their research in an expository paragraph and create a diorama to present their habitat to their peers.

Type: Lesson Plan

Throw Your Tooth on the Roof: Tooth Traditions from Around the World:

This story is an informational text that is sure to get the attention of any second grader. The author takes the reader around the world to examine different traditions children have when they lose a tooth. A series discussion questions are provided along with practice on text features and author's purpose. Also included is a culminating writing task along with a rubric for scoring.

Type: Lesson Plan

Can We Ever Have Too Many Toys?:

Using David Shannon's book Too Many Toys, students will practice writing an opinion paragraph.

Type: Lesson Plan

Fly Away Home: A Little Boy's Hope:

In this lesson, students will work with their teacher and their classmates to read Fly Away Home by Eve Bunting. Students will tackle the idea of theme and symbolizim in this story by studying what a little brown bird means to the main character. Students will write about the theme of the story in an expository paragraph.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Closer Look at Bringing the Rain to Kapiti Plain:

Introduce your primary students to the rhythmic story of the African plains, Bringing the Rain to Kapiti Plain by Verna Aardema. This story is filled with rich vocabulary and rhyming patterns that allow students to interact with context clues and and answer questions about the story elements.

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Fun With Compound Words:

In this lesson, students will learn to identify, create, and determine the meaning of compound words. They will participate in a series of engaging center activities to practice using compound words.

Type: Lesson Plan

Text Features: An Introduction:

In this lesson, students will receive an introduction to nonfiction text features and their purpose. They will search for a variety of text features in nonfiction books and test their understanding with an assessment.

Type: Lesson Plan

Charlie Anderson: Who Cat is This?:

During this lesson, the students will become highly involved with the text Charlie Anderson by Barbara Abercrombie. The students will identify and describe the story elements with a focus on the character of Elizabeth. Students will write an expository paragraph about how she felt at the end of the story when she learned the truth.

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Having Fun with Fractured Fairy Tales:

Students will be delighted to be introduced to the world of fractured fairy tales. They will compare classic versions of fairy tales with the new versions that author's have created. The students will have their own chance to think about a different point of view when they explore wolf's perspective in The Three Little Pigs. After writing a short Readers' Theatre script, students will perform their creations for the class.

Type: Lesson Plan

What a Pig! Character Traits from The Three Little Pigs:

Students will practice identifying character traits from two classic fairy tales. They will then find evidence from the text to support those traits. Students will complete the lessons by choosing a character and a trait to write about in an expository paragraph.

Type: Lesson Plan

All Mixed Up:

In this lesson students will listen to a reading of the story of The Mixed-Up Chameleon by Eric Carle and discuss the story. After the discussion, students will write their own opinion piece about an animal they would like to be and why.

Type: Lesson Plan

Digging for Differences:

In this lesson, students will use the book Stellaluna, along with informational text, to create a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting bats and birds. They will then compare and contrast two other similar animals using the text A Whale Is Not a Fish and Other Animal Mix-ups, completing a Venn diagram and writing an expository paragraph that describes the similarities and differences between the two animals.

Type: Lesson Plan

Ace High Flying Writers!:

In this lesson, students will work with teacher and peer support on an informational text about whales to study the text features and determine the central idea. Students will use information from the text to complete a brainstorming organizer to prepare to write an expository paragraph. In the end, through this scaffolded practice, students will become Ace High Flying Writers!

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Ants in Your Pants! - Part 4:

Students will take their research and turn it into an expository writing piece about ants. They will learn about how to structure a five paragraph text and what needs to be present in each paragraph. Students will take this text through the writing process, ending with a published piece that they can share with the class.

Type: Lesson Plan

Learning about Theme with Brave Irene:

Who doesn't love a theme! Students will use the book Brave Irene by William Steig to learn about themes. They will create a story map for the text and look closely at the problem and solution and how the main character changed throughout the story to determine the big idea. Students will demonstrate their understanding by writing about the theme and identifying parts of the story that support that thinking.

Type: Lesson Plan

Listen Up! Having Fun with Sound Words:

In this lesson, students will be able to recognize and decode the use of sound words in literature. Students will practice these skills through a sound game, creating a word web, and making a sound word flip book.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Bat Adventure:

In this lesson, students will describe how characters in a story respond to events and challenges after reading the story, Stellaluna. Students will answer comprehension questions pertaining to the story and demonstrate an understanding of key details. In addition, students will write an opinion piece in which they will introduce a topic, state an opinion, provide reasons to support their opinion, and end their writing with a closing statement.

Type: Lesson Plan

Prefix Lesson:

This lesson is an introduction to using the prefixes re-, pre-, and un-. In this lesson, students work with partners to add common prefixes to words and define the new meaning of the word. Students will create a digital presentation showcasing examples of the prefixes in use in sentences.

Type: Lesson Plan

Helen Keller: A Journey in Time:

After reading the biography, A Picture Book of Helen Keller by David Adler, students will retell the life of Helen Keller using the central idea and relevant details by answering who, what, when, where, why and how questions. In addition, students will write a nonfiction narrative piece retelling the events of her life in proper sequential order using transition words.

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Describing Words: Lessons on Adjectives:

In this lesson, students will practice identifying and using adjectives, as well as distinguishing shades of meaning among closely related adjectives. In the summative assessment, students will create their own narrative to describe a real or fictional person and will practice using precise, as well as vivid adjectives throughout their writing.

Type: Lesson Plan

Ant Text Features and Writing Picnic:

In this lesson, students will learn all about ants by reading National Geographic Kids: Ants. They will investigate the use of various text features in the book and describe how they help readers to understand a text. Students will use their new knowledge to compose an expository paragraph explaining how ants live and work together in their colony.

Type: Lesson Plan

Exploring the World: A Habitat Study:

Students will participate in a research study of our world’s habitats using texts and sources from the internet. Students will demonstrate their new learning by writing an expository paragraph, completing a checklist about their writing, and sharing a favorite fact about their habitat with the class.

Type: Lesson Plan

Extra! Extra! Read All About It! Learning About Text Features:

In this lesson, students will use nonfiction texts to learn about how text features help readers. Groups will be assigned a text feature to become an expert on. They will create a poster about their text feature and teach the class about what they have learned. Students will be given a group presentation self-assessment to think about what the group did well together and what could be done differently the next time.

Type: Lesson Plan

Once Upon a Time: What Makes an Interesting Setting:

There are stories that make you feel like you are there experiencing everything along with the characters. Often times, this is because the writer is describing the setting in vivid detail. These lessons will look at the componants of a setting and give students the opportunity to write the beginning of a story based upon a setting of their choosing.

Type: Lesson Plan

Hamming it up with Plot:

Using the classic story, The Three Little Pigs, students will learn will use a plot line graphic organizer to record the action in this story. Students will use this plot line to help them retell the story in writing and record their paragraphs using technology such as Voice Thread.

Type: Lesson Plan

Questions of Character, Setting, and Plot:

Students will read texts including characters that face a challenge or major event and describe the characters, setting, plot, and how they responded to the challenge. With a partner, students will read a book about other brave characters and create six comprehension questions that they will type on a computer. These questions will be presented to another partnership who will read the book and answer their classmates’ questions.

Type: Lesson Plan

Compare/Contrast Life Cycle Texts:

Students will learn to compare and contrast texts about life cycles using a Venn diagram. Then, using the Venn diagram, students will write an expository paragraph including an introductory sentence, comparing/contrasting sentences, and a concluding sentence.

Type: Lesson Plan

Give Me Your Opinion:

Would you rather ride in a spaceship or on a submarine? This is the question the students will ponder as they write an opinion piece, taking it through the writing process.

Type: Lesson Plan

All about Alliteration:

In this lesson, students will become familiar with alliteration. Students will have an opportunity to listen to and read alliterative sentences and short stories. Students will create alliterative sentences with a partner and again independently. Students will also work through the different stages of the writing process as they pre-write, write, edit, revise, and publish to contribute to a class book.

Type: Lesson Plan

Extra! Extra! Read About Mammals:

In this lesson, students will learn about mammals using the book Mammals by Melissa Stewart. Through this book, the students will practice identifying and using text features to understand the text, as well as determine key details and main idea. The students will then create a newspaper article about a mammal of their choice using the main ideas, key details, and text features from Mammals.

Type: Lesson Plan

Contraction Surgery:

Students will participate in this engaging activity to learn how to write contractions while acting like surgeons.

Type: Lesson Plan

Charlotte’s Web: An Amazing Adventure about Friendship:

In this lesson students will read Charlotte's Web by E.B. White and complete activities to help them comprehend the story. Students will "dig deep" into the novel by learning new vocabulary words, writing about the characters and their decisions, and taking part in some creative activities. Students will be assessed with higher order thinking questions that require them to draw on elements from the story and make connections. This lesson is for the first four chapters of Charlotte's Web.

Type: Lesson Plan

CinderWHO?:

Students will compare and contrast various versions of the Cinderella story through story element charting, partner discussions, carousel brainstorming, and semantic feature analysis. Students will think critically and hold grade-level appropriate dialogue about each story. Students will complete a piece of opinion writing stating which Cinderella story was their favorite and why they liked it.

Type: Lesson Plan

Perspective is a Walk in the Park:

Using the books Seven Blind Mice and Voices in the Park students will learn to identify the unique perspectives that characters bring to a story. After completing a retelling activity and drawing how several characters are feeling, students will compose a short narrative writing from the perspective of a character from Voices in the Park.

Type: Lesson Plan

Understanding Miss Maggie:

Students will love talking about the unlikely friendship that forms in Miss Maggie by Cynthia Rylant. They will share their opinions by writing a paragraph after learning new vocabulary words and discussing character traits.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Past Hero: Reading and Writing about Martin Luther King, Jr.:

This lesson uses nonfiction texts about Martin Luther King, Jr. to give students the opportunity to understand his life and why we still honor him today. Students will create a graphic organizer that uses adjectives to describe Martin Luther King, Jr. and use the information gained from reading the texts to support their descriptions. For their final assessment, students will write an opinion piece describing Martin Luther King, Jr. providing examples from his life that fit those adjectives.

Type: Lesson Plan

Adjectives, Adjectives, and More Adjectives:

In this lesson, students will become familiar with the use of adjectives for the purpose of describing someone or something. Students will use adjectives to describe their teacher and enhance simple sentences by adding adjectives to describe the nouns. Students will also illustrate a self-portrait and use at least six adjectives to describe themselves. They will then choose from those adjectives and write two sentences about themselves using those words. The students will present these sentences and self-portraits to the class. Students will have the opportunity to work individually and with partners throughout this lesson.

Type: Lesson Plan

Friendly Writing:

At the start of this lesson, students will review the friendly letter format as the teacher reads I Wanna Iguana and I Wanna New Room by Karen Kaufman Orloff to the students. These books are told in a friendly letter format between the main character and his parents. With teacher modeling and support, students will then generate a topic and practice writing a friendly letter as a class. Next, students will apply the friendly letter format to create a writing piece. Students will receive practice at editing their writing, independently through peer feedback, and in teacher-student mini conferences.

Type: Lesson Plan

Digging Deep for Dino Details and Discussion:

In this unit, students will read appropriately leveled informational text on dinosaurs and identify the relevant details of the text. The students will create a detail web using evidence from the text and will then write an expository paper about their choice of dinosaur. The students will also participate in a guided class discussion. The students will practice the guidelines and procedures for successful discussion and will also practice how to come prepared for discussion by providing supporting information from texts that have been read.

Type: Lesson Plan

Becoming a Butterfly: Writing about the Life Cycle of a Butterfly:

In this lesson students will read the informational text The Life Cycle of a Butterfly by Lisa Trumbauer. Students will use elements of nonfiction, such as photographs and diagrams, to aid in their understanding of the text. They will create a graphic organizer and use it to produce an expository piece of writing that explains the stages of a butterfly life cycle.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Closer Look at Chrysanthemum by Kevin Henkes:

In this lesson, students will examine character development based on the events of the book Chrysanthemum by Kevin Henkes. During multiple readings of the text, students will take a deep dive into text dependent questions and participate in group activity determining how Chrysanthemum felt during different parts of the story. Finally, students will take the perspective of the character, Victoria, to write a letter of apology to Chrysanthemum to say that she was sorry for the way she treated her.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Tree's Life: Researching and Writing with Informational Texts:

In this lesson, students will create questions to be answered through researching nonfiction texts. Students will then write an expository paragraph to share their research findings with the class to create a book all about trees.

Type: Lesson Plan

A Writing Activity- Learning about Penguins:

Let's learn about penguins! Students will explore text features and the author's purpose for writing National Geographic Kids: Penguins. Using new knowledge, students will write an expository paragraph on penguins, including what they look like, what they eat, and where they live.

Type: Lesson Plan

Ants in Your Pants! - Part 1:

This is the first lesson in a series about ants. In this lesson, students will create a KWL chart. New learning will occur as the students read an informational text about ants and talk about how text features help readers while they highlight important details. Students will complete an exit ticket to show their knowledge at the end of this lesson.

Type: Lesson Plan

Chrysanthemum, A Special Name:

In this lesson students will listen to the story of Chrysanthemum by Kevin Henkes. Students will discuss how teasing can be hurtful and examine how characters respond to major events. To culminate this learning, students will write an opinion piece about the story including supporting reasons, transition words, and a conclusion.

Type: Lesson Plan

Describing a Character's Personality Traits:

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Type: Lesson Plan

I'll Huff, and I'll Puff, and I'll Write My Own Version!:

Children love the classic fairy tale, The Three Little Pigs. In these lessons, students will compare the story elements from the original versions with other fractured fairy tale versions. Students will also be delighted to use their creatively to create their own fractured fairy tale.

Type: Lesson Plan

Once Upon a Time:

In this lesson, students will identify and describe story elements and compare and contrast two versions of fairy tale Cinderella. Students will write an expository paragraph describing the similarities and differences of the two texts and provide textual evidence for support.

Type: Lesson Plan

Sarah, Plain and Tall: Character Study:

In this lesson, students will work with their teacher and their classmates to look deeply at chapter one from the book Sarah, Plain and Tall by Patricia MacLachlan. Students will asked to answer discussio questions, determine the meaning of unfamiliar words, and make inferences about the main character. The lessons will end with the writing of an expository text and the main character's perspective.

Type: Lesson Plan

Using Picture Books to Practice Retelling:

Did you know that wordless picture books can ignite creativity in your students? These lessons encourage students to tell interesting stories in their own words based on several wordless books. After practicing identifying story elements, students will write creatively to retell one of the stories.

Type: Lesson Plan

Original Student Tutorials

The Conjunction Zone:

Use conjunctions to connect words and sentences together in this interactive tutorial. Help Builder Carl build new sentences using common conjunctions.

Type: Original Student Tutorial

The Preposition Factory:

Learn how to identify special words called prepositions that help you describe where a person or object is located. By the end of this interactive tutorial, you should also be able to use these special words to complete simple sentences.

Type: Original Student Tutorial

Original Student Tutorials for Language Arts - Grades K-5

The Conjunction Zone:

Use conjunctions to connect words and sentences together in this interactive tutorial. Help Builder Carl build new sentences using common conjunctions.

The Preposition Factory:

Learn how to identify special words called prepositions that help you describe where a person or object is located. By the end of this interactive tutorial, you should also be able to use these special words to complete simple sentences.

Student Resources

Vetted resources students can use to learn the concepts and skills in this benchmark.

Original Student Tutorials

The Conjunction Zone:

Use conjunctions to connect words and sentences together in this interactive tutorial. Help Builder Carl build new sentences using common conjunctions.

Type: Original Student Tutorial

The Preposition Factory:

Learn how to identify special words called prepositions that help you describe where a person or object is located. By the end of this interactive tutorial, you should also be able to use these special words to complete simple sentences.

Type: Original Student Tutorial

Parent Resources

Vetted resources caregivers can use to help students learn the concepts and skills in this benchmark.