Standard #: MA.912.DP.4.7


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Apply the addition rule for probability, taking into consideration whether the events are mutually exclusive, and interpret the result in terms of the model and its context.


General Information

Subject Area: Mathematics (B.E.S.T.)
Grade: 912
Strand: Data Analysis and Probability
Date Adopted or Revised: 08/20
Status: State Board Approved

Benchmark Instructional Guide

Connecting Benchmarks/Horizontal Alignment

 

Terms from the K-12 Glossary

  • Conditional relative frequency 
  • Event 
  • Experimental probability 
  • Frequency table 
  • Joint frequency 
  • Joint relative frequency 
  • Sample space 
  • Theoretical probability
 

Vertical Alignment

Previous Benchmarks

Next Benchmarks

 

Purpose and Instructional Strategies

In grade 7 and grade 8, students began working with theoretical probabilities and comparing them to experimental probability as well as collecting data through simulation. In Mathematics for College Statistics, students apply the addition rule for probability, P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B), to calculate the probability of event A or B. Students recognize the effect mutually exclusive events have on this rule and be able to interpret the result in terms of the model and its context. 
  • Students should be able to calculate the union of two events using the formula P(A ∪ B) = P(S) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)
  • The symbol for union, ∪, is read as “or” and the symbol for intersection, ∩, is read as “and.” If students are trying to identify what action to take from a word problem involving probability, “or” should be the key word letting students know to use the addition rule. 
  • Instruction includes the use of a reference sheet with the formulas for the addition rule for probability, the multiplication rule for probability and the conditional probability formula. 
  • Students should be able to explain why we need to subtract the intersection when calculating the union. 
  • Be sure to distinguish independence from mutually exclusive events.? 
  • In mutually exclusive events, P(A B) = 0, which means the two events cannot occur at the same time.? 
  • In mutually exclusive events, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B)
  • Instructions includes using the product of probabilities to check independence (MA.912.DP.4.2). If P(A ∩ B) = P(A) x P(B), then the events are independent. 
  • Instruction distinguishes independence from mutually exclusive events in order to differentiate different types of joint probabilities. 
  • Instruction clarifies that mutually exclusive events (A ∩ B) = 0, which means the two events cannot occur at the same time. 
  • Instruction includes the use of models, which may include Venn Diagrams, organized lists, two-way tables or tree diagrams. 
  • Students are expected to be able to interpret the results in context as well as how it would be represented on a model such as a Venn Diagram. 
  • In a college statistics class, students will typically work with the addition rule for probability and mutually exclusive events using contingency tables and Venn diagrams. 
  • Students should be able to work backwards if given the union to find other missing pieces in the addition rule formula. 
  • Instruction includes the use of technology whether it be a statistical program or graphing calculators.? 
  • Instruction includes the use of real-world data.

Common Misconceptions or Errors

  • Students may not recognize events as mutually exclusive or non-mutually exclusive. 
  • Student may have difficulty when pulling information from a Venn Diagram, especially when they have multiple sections that overlap. 
  • Students may make errors with determining the correct denominator. They may use the total rather than the specified event.
  • Students may have misconceptions in their understanding of the “overlap” in compound events. 
  • Students may have difficulty with algebraic skills if using the addition rule formula to work backwards and solve for an unknown.
 

Instructional Tasks

Instructional Task 1 (MTR.7.1
  • In a certain school, 15 percent of the students are enrolled in a physics course, 27 percent are enrolled in a foreign language course, and 30 percent are enrolled in either a physics course or a foreign language course or both. 
    • Part A. What is the probability that a student chosen at random from this school will be enrolled in a physics course? 
    • Part B. What is the probability that a student chosen at random from this school will be enrolled in a foreign language course? 
    • Part C. What is the probability that a student chosen at random from this school will be enrolled in both a foreign language course and a physics course? 
    • Part D. Draw a Venn Diagram to model this situation 


Instructional Task 2 (MTR.4.1, MTR.7.1)

  • If a fair single 6-sided die is rolled, answer the following. 
    • Part A. What is the probability of rolling a number less than 4 or an even number? 
    • Part B. What is the probability of rolling a number greater than 5 or an odd? 
    • Part C. Using statistical terminology, explain why you needed to subtract in Part A. but not for Part B.
 


Instructional Items

Instructional Item 1 
  • At The Triple Stack cafe, everyone orders either pancakes, waffles, or French toast. Let S = the event that a randomly selected customer puts syrup on their food. Let F = the event that a randomly selected customer orders a fruit topping on their food. Suppose that after years of collecting data, The Triple Stack cafe has estimated the following probabilities: 
P(S) = 0.8
P(F) = 0.5

P(S or F) = 0.9

  • Estimate P(S and F) and interpret this value in the context of the problem. 

Instructional Item 2 
  • Given the two-way table below, find the following probabilities and draw a Venn-diagram to model each situation. 

    • Part A. Find the probability that a randomly selected person rides the bus or is a girl.
    • Part B. Find the probability that a randomly selected person is a boy or does not ride the bus. 
    • Part C. What are two events from the table that are not mutually exclusive? 
    • Part D. Why are the events ‘Ride the Bus’ and ‘Do Not Ride the Bus’ mutually exclusive?

*The strategies, tasks and items included in the B1G-M are examples and should not be considered comprehensive.


Related Courses

Course Number1111 Course Title222
1210300: Probability and Statistics Honors (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2019, 2019 - 2022, 2022 and beyond (current))
7912070: Access Mathematics for Liberal Arts (Specifically in versions: 2014 - 2015, 2015 - 2018, 2018 - 2019, 2019 - 2022, 2022 - 2023, 2023 and beyond (current))
1210305: Mathematics for College Statistics (Specifically in versions: 2022 and beyond (current))
1207350: Mathematics for College Liberal Arts (Specifically in versions: 2022 and beyond (current))


Related Access Points

Access Point Number Access Point Title
MA.912.DP.4.AP.7 Given the probability of two mutually exclusive events in decimal form, use the addition rule for mutually exclusive probabilities: P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B).
MA.912.DP.4.AP.8 Given the probability of two independent events in decimal form, use the multiplication rule for independent probabilities: P(A and B)=P(A)P(B).


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